List of Israeli inventions and discoveries

This is a list of inventions and discoveries by Israeli scientists and researchers, working locally or overseas. There are over 6,000 startups currently in Israel. There are currently more than 30 technology companies valued over US$1 billion (unicorn startups) in Israel.

Mathematics

• Johnson–Lindenstrauss lemma, a mathematical result concerning low-distortion embeddings of points from high-dimensional into low-dimensional Euclidean space contributed by Joram Lindenstrauss.
• Development of the measurement of rigidity by Elon Lindenstrauss in ergodic theory, and their applications to number theory.
• A proof of Szemerédi's theorem using ergodic theory, by mathematician Hillel Furstenberg.
• Expansion of axiomatic set theory and the ZF set theory by Abraham Fraenkel.
• Development of the area of automorphic forms and L-functions by Ilya Piatetski-Shapiro.
• Development of Sauer–Shelah lemma and Shelah cardinal.
• Development of the first proof of the alternating sign matrix conjecture.
• Development of Zig-zag product of graphs, a method of combining smaller graphs to produce larger ones used in the construction of expander graphs by Avi Wigderson.
• Development of Bernstein–Sato polynomial and proof of the Kazhdan–Lusztig conjectures by Joseph Bernstein
• Generalization of the marriage theorem by obtaining the right transfinite conditions for infinite bipartite graphs. He subsequently proved the appropriate versions of the Kőnig theorem and the Menger theorem for infinite graphs by Ron Aharoni.
• Development of the Amitsur–Levitzki theorem by Shimshon Amitsur.
• False discovery rate, a statistical method for regulating Type I errors.
• LZ77 and LZ78 are the two lossless data compression algorithms published in papers by Abraham Lempel and Jacob Ziv in 1977 and 1978. They are also known as LZ1 and LZ2 respectively. These two algorithms form the basis for many variations including LZW, LZSS, LZMA and others. Besides their academic influence, these algorithms formed the basis of several ubiquitous compression schemes, including GIF and the DEFLATE algorithm used in PNG and ZIP.
• Lempel–Ziv–Markov chain algorithm - an algorithm used to perform lossless data compression. It has been under development since either 1996 or 1998 by Igor Pavlov and was first used in the 7z format of the 7-Zip archiver. This algorithm uses a dictionary compression scheme somewhat similar to the LZ77 algorithm published by Abraham Lempel and Jacob Ziv in 1977 and features a high compression ratio (generally higher than bzip2) and a variable compression-dictionary size (up to 4 GB), while still maintaining decompression speed similar to other commonly used compression algorithms.

Science

Chemistry

• Discovery of quasicrystals by Dan Shechtman of the Technion. The discovery led him to receive the 2011 Nobel Prize in Chemistry.
• Discovery of the role of protein Ubiquitin by Avram Hershko and Aaron Ciechanover of the Technion Institute (together with the American biologist Irwin Rose). The discovery led them to receive the 2004 Nobel Prize in Chemistry.
• Increased understanding of how proteins are made - Ada Yonath of Israel alongside Venkatraman Ramakrishnan of India and Thomas A. Steitz of the US shared the 2009 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for increased understanding of the structure and function of ribosomes.
• Development of multiscale models for complex chemical systems by Arieh Warshel and Michael Levitt of the Weizmann Institute of Science (presently at University of Southern California and Stanford University, respectively), together with the Austrian-born American chemist Martin Karplus. The discovery led them to receive the 2013 Nobel Prize in Chemistry.
• Pressure-retarded osmosis - Pressure retarded osmosis (PRO) is a technique to separate a solvent (for example, fresh water) from a solution that is more concentrated (e.g. sea water) and also pressurized. A semipermeable membrane allows the solvent to pass to the concentrated solution side by osmosis. The technique can be used to generate power from the salinity gradient energy resulting from the difference in the salt concentration between sea and river water. This method of generating power was invented by Prof. Sidney Loeb in 1973 at the Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beersheba, Israel.

Physics

See also: Category:Israeli physicists

• Discovery of the Aharonov–Bohm effect by Yakir Aharonov and David Bohm.
• Jacob Bekenstein was the first to propose Black holes also have Entropy while working in the Hebrew University of Jerusalem.

Optics

Endoscopic capsule

• Pillcam by Given Imaging, the first Capsule Endoscopy solution to record images of the digestive tract. The capsule is the size and shape of a pill and contains a tiny camera. Created by Israeli engineer Gavriel Iddan who sold the company to Irish medical device maker Covidien for $860 million. Iddan has expressed regret for the sale due to the companies fulfillment of an ancient Jewish prophecy “The Pillcam was based on military technology... It was a good example of how we shall beat our swords into plowshares", as the Hebrew prophets predicted. Covidien was acquired by Medtronic in 2016, and is now the provider of Pillcam.
• Line free single power bicentric prismatic spectacle lens for correction of anisometropia. Sydney J. Bush UK patent no. 1539381.

Medicine

• The pressure bandage - known widely as the Israeli Bandage is a specially designed, first-aid device that is used to stop bleeding from hemorrhagic wounds caused by traumatic injuries in pre-hospital emergency situations. First used for saving lives during a NATO peacekeeping operation in Bosnia and Herzegovina, by inventor, Israeli military medic, Bernard Bar-Natan. The bandage was successfully used during operations Enduring Freedom and Iraqi Freedom and is widely used today, across the world. The bandage was nicknamed "Israeli bandage" by American soldiers, and has been "the bandage of choice for the US Army and special forces". Before the Israeli emergency bandage was invented in 1998, wounded soldiers were told to find a rock and wrap it on top of hemorrhaging wounds in order to hold direct pressure. Bar-Natan sold his company to PerSys Medical Inc in Houston, Texas, the company that first introduced the bandage to the US military.

  

  An Israeli Bandage being used by Sudanese and US Naval service members during a training exercise.

• Eshkol-Wachman Movement Notation – a notation system for recording movement on paper that has been used in many fields, including dance, physical therapy, animal behavior and early diagnosis of autism.
• Development of the Copaxone immunomodulator drug for treating multiple sclerosis. It was developed in the Weizmann Institute of Science in Israel by Michael Sela, Ruth Arnon and Deborah Teitelbaum.
• Development of bioengineered recombinant interferon proteins by Michel Revel from the Weizmann Institute of Science in Israel.
• Development of taliglucerase alfa (Elelyso), a recombinant glucocerebrosidase enzyme produced from transgenic carrot cell cultures. Taliglucerase alfa won approval from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration in May 2012 as an orphan drug for the treatment of Type 1 Gaucher's disease.
• Sambucol, an over-the-counter elderberry-based anti-influenza syrup. Discovered by Dr. Madeleine Mumcuoglu at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. Studies in 1995 showed that Sambucol was effective against human, swine and avian influenza strains, although more research is required to clearly understand its effectiveness.
• Development of ENvue, a feeding tube placement system with advanced methods of navigation, integrated sensors and body mapping, for accurate enteral tube placement, by the Israeli company ENvizion Medical, used in Hospitals and Medical centers in the US.
• Rivastigmine - a cholinesterase inhibitor used for the treatment of mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease. The drug can be administered orally or via a transdermal patch; the latter form reduces the prevalence of side effects, which typically include nausea and vomiting. Rivastigmine was developed by Marta Weinstock-Rosin of the Department of Pharmacology at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem and sold to Novartis by Yissum for commercial development. It is a semi-synthetic derivative of physostigmine.
• Taliglucerase alfa - Taliglucerase alfa, sold under the brand name Elelyso among others, is a biopharmaceutical medication developed by Protalix and Pfizer.^{[full citation needed]} The drug, a recombinant glucocerebrosidase used to treat Gaucher's disease, is the first plant-made pharmaceutical to win approval by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Each vial has 200 units of taliglucerase alfa.

  

  Model of quasicrystals, discovered by Nobel prize winner Dan Shechtman of the Technion

Economics

• Work of Daniel Kahneman and Amos Tversky of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem explaining irrational human economic choices. The work led Daniel to receive the 2002 Nobel Prize in Economics.
• Developments in Game theory. Israel Aumann of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem received the 2005 Nobel Prize in Economics for his work in this field.
• The Rubinstein bargaining model, one of the most influential findings in game theory, refers to a class of bargaining games that feature alternating offers through an infinite time horizon. The proof is from Ariel Rubinstein 1982.

Biotechnology

See also: Category:Israeli biologists

Eshkol-Wachman Movement Notation

• Nanowire – a conductive wire made of a string of tiny particles of silver, a thousand times thinner than a human hair. Developed by Uri Sivan, Erez Braun and Yoav Eichen from Technion.
• World's smallest DNA computing machine system – "the smallest biological computing device" ever constructed, according to Guinness Book of Records, which is composed of enzymes and DNA molecules capable of performing simple mathematical calculations and which uses its input DNA molecule as its sole source of energy. Developed in 2003 in the Weizmann Institute of Science by professor Ehud Shapiro and his team.
• ReWalk is a commercial bionic walking assistance system that uses powered leg attachments to enable paraplegics to stand upright, walk and climb stairs. The system is powered by a backpack battery, and is controlled by a simple wrist-mounted remote which detects and enhances the user's movements. Designed in Yokneam, Israel, by Amit Goffer,

Theoretical computer science

• Differential cryptanalysis - The discovery of differential cryptanalysis is generally attributed to Eli Biham and Adi Shamir in the late 1980s, who published a number of attacks against various block ciphers and hash functions, including a theoretical weakness in the Data Encryption Standard (DES). It was noted by Biham and Shamir that DES was surprisingly resistant to differential cryptanalysis, but small modifications to the algorithm would make it much more susceptible.
• RSA public key encryption, introduced by Adi Shamir with Ron Rivest, and Leonard Adleman
• The concept of nondeterministic finite automatons, introduced by Michael O. Rabin
• Amir Pnueli introduced temporal logic into computing science
• Lempel–Ziv–Welch algorithm, a universal lossless data compression algorithm created by Abraham Lempel and Jacob Ziv of the Technion institute, together with the American Information theorist, Terry Welch.
• Differential cryptanalysis, co-invented by Adi Shamir
• Shamir's Secret Sharing, invented by Adi Shamir
• Feige–Fiat–Shamir identification scheme - In cryptography, a type of parallel zero-knowledge proof developed by Uriel Feige, Amos Fiat, and Adi Shamir in 1988. Like all zero-knowledge proofs, it allows one party, the Prover, to prove to another party, the Verifier, that they possess secret information without revealing to Verifier what that secret information is. The Feige–Fiat–Shamir identification scheme, however, uses modular arithmetic and a parallel verification process that limits the number of communications between Prover and Verifier.

Computing

Computer hardware

• Smartphone dual lens technology, by Israeli company Corephotonics. In 2018, Corephotonics sued Apple Inc for infringement of its dual camera patents; specifically regarding several iPhone models' use of their patented telephoto lens design, optical zoom method, and a method for intelligently fusing images from the wide-angle and telephoto lenses to improve image quality, infringing on four separate patents. Corephotonics was bought by Samsung in 2018 for US$155 million.

  

  An iPhone with a dual lens camera; a technology developed by Israeli company Corephotonics.

• The Intel 8088 – This microprocessor, designed at Intel's Haifa laboratory, powered the first PC that IBM built, which is credited with kickstarting the PC revolution. The 8088 was designed in Israel at Intel's Haifa laboratory. The widespread use of the IBM's PC, using the 8088 processor, established the use of x86 architecture as a de facto standard for decades. The IEEE wrote that "almost all the world’s PCs are built around CPUs that can claim the 8088 as an ancestor." Intel has credited the 8088 with launching the company into the Fortune 500.
• Quicktionary Electronic dictionary – a pen-sized scanner able to scan words or phrases and immediately translate them into other languages, or keep them in memory in order to transfer them to the PC. Developed by the company Wizcom Technologies Ltd.
• Laser Keyboard – a virtual keyboard is projected onto a wall or table top and allows to type handheld computers and cell phones. Developed simultaneously by the Israeli company Lumio and Silicon Valley startup company Canesta. The company subsequently licensed the technology to Celluon of Korea.
• TDMoIP (TDM over IP) − in telecommunications, the emulation of time-division multiplexing (TDM) over a packet-switched network (PSN), developed by engineers at RAD Data Communications
• Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) - technology for voice based communications using the internet instead of traditional telephone systems. VoIP was originally conceived by Danny Cohen, an Israeli-American scientist, but was first created, implemented, and commercialized by Netanya-based, Israeli company VocalTec and its founder Alon Cohen
• Many Intel processors are developed and/or manufactured in Israel including:
  • Ice Lake Server processors, developed in Haifa and produced at Intel's Kiryat Gat plant.
  • Celeron
  • Sunny Cove
  • Rocket Lake
  • Alder Lake
  • Pentium MMX
  • Centrino / Pentium M
  • Sandy Bridge
• Development and production of processors and chipsets for many companies including Google, Apple, Microsoft, HP, Amazon, IBM, Broadcom, ARM, STMicroelectronics, Samsung, Sony, and Qualcomm, some of whom have had major research and development centers in Israel for decades, often developing key technologies in their Israeli R&D centers.
• Thunderbolt, a widely used interface technology, was developed as a joint venture between Apple Inc and Intel, in Israel
• IBM XIV Storage System - The IBM XIV Storage System was developed in 2002 by an Israeli start-up company funded and headed by engineer and businessman Moshe Yanai. They delivered their first system to a customer in 2005. Their product was called Nextra.
• SQream DB - SQream is a relational database management system (RDBMS) that uses graphics processing units (GPUs) from Nvidia. SQream is designed for big data analytics using the Structured Query Language (SQL). SQream is the first product from SQream Technologies Ltd, founded in 2010 by Ami Gal and Kostya Varakin in Tel Aviv, Israel.

Computer and mobile software

• Umoove, a high-tech startup company that invented a software only solution for face and eye tracking is located in Israel.
• USB flash drive - Multiple individuals have staked a claim to having invented the USB flash drive. On April 5, 1999, Amir Ban, Dov Moran, and Oron Ogdan of M-Systems, an Israeli company, filed a patent application entitled "Architecture for a Universal Serial Bus-Based PC Flash Disk". The patent was subsequently granted on November 14, 2000 and these individuals have often been recognized as the inventors of the USB flash drive.
• Babylon (software) - In 1995, Israeli entrepreneur Amnon Ovadia began a project for an online English–Hebrew dictionary that would not interrupt the reading process. As a result, Babylon Ltd. was founded in 1997 and launched the first version of Babylon. On 25 September 1997, the company filed a patent for text recognition and translation. In 1998, a year following its launch date, Babylon had two million users, mostly in Germany and Brazil, growing from 420,000 to 2.5 million users in the course of that year. In the same year, Formula Systems, headed by Dan Goldstein, acquired Mashov Computers and became the largest shareholder in the company. By 2000, the product had over 4 million users. In the spring of 2000, Babylon Ltd. failed to raise $20 million in a private placement and lost NIS 15 million. Further stress came with the collapse of the Dot-com bubble. In 2001, Babylon Ltd. continued shedding money, with the company costing its parent company Formula Vision NIS 4.7 million.
• Pegasus (spyware) - Pegasus is a spyware developed by the Israeli cyber-arms company NSO Group that is designed to be covertly and remotely installed on mobile phones running iOS and Android. While NSO Group markets Pegasus as a product for fighting crime and terrorism, governments around the world have routinely used the spyware to surveil journalists, lawyers, political dissidents, and human rights activists. The sale of Pegasus licenses to foreign governments must be approved by Israeli defense ministry.
• Charge trap flash - In 1998, Israeli engineer Boaz Eitan of Saifun Semiconductors (later acquired by Spansion) patented a flash memory technology named NROM that took advantage of a charge trapping layer to replace the floating gate used in conventional flash memory designs. Two important innovations appear in this patent: the localization of the injected negative and positive charges close to the cell's drain/source terminals, and utilizing a reverse read concept to detect the cell's stored data on either end of the charge trap. These two new ideas enabled high cycling thus allowing reliable charge trap flash products to be produced for the first time since the charge trapping concept was invented 30 years earlier. Furthermore, using these concepts it is possible to create two separate physical bits per cell, doubling the capacity of stored data per cell.
• Check Point VPN-1 - VPN-1 is a firewall and VPN product developed by Check Point Software Technologies Ltd. VPN-1 is a stateful firewall which also filters traffic by inspecting the application layer. It was the first commercially available software firewall to use stateful inspection. Later (1997), Check Point registered U.S. Patent # 5,606,668A on their security technology that, among other features, included stateful inspection. VPN-1 functionality is currently bundled within all the Check Point's perimeter security products. The product, previously known as FireWall-1, is now sold as an integrated firewall and VPN solutio
• Distributed-feedback laser - A distributed-feedback laser (DFB) is a type of laser diode, quantum-cascade laser or optical-fiber laser where the active region of the device contains a periodically structured element or diffraction grating.

Defense, Aviation and Military

• Iron Dome – a mobile air defense system in development by Rafael Advanced Defense Systems and Israel Aircraft Industries designed to intercept short-range rockets and artillery shells. On April 7, 2011, the system successfully intercepted a Grad rocket launched from Gaza, marking the first time in history a short-range rocket was ever intercepted. The Iron Dome was later utilized more fully in the Israeli-Gaza conflict of 2012, where it displayed a very high rate of efficiency (95%–99%) in intercepting enemy projectiles. The United States has been an essential partner in developing the Iron Dome by providing billions towards its development.
• Iron Beam - a directed-energy weapon air defense system unveiled at the Singapore Airshow on February 11, 2014 by Israeli defense contractor Rafael Advanced Defense Systems. The system is designed to destroy short-range rockets, artillery, and mortar bombs; it has a range of up to 7 km (4.3 mi), complementing the Iron Dome system which was designed to intercept missiles launched from a greater distance. In addition, the system could also intercept unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs; drones). Iron Beam will constitute the fifth element of Israel's integrated missile defense system
• Iron Fist (countermeasure) - Iron Fist is a hard-kill active protection system (APS) designed by Israel Military Industries (IMI), with a modular design allowing adaptation to a range of platforms ranging from light utility vehicles to heavy armoured fighting vehicles. The concept was revealed by IMI in 2006 and was expected to enter Israel Defense Forces tests by mid-2007. The system has been successfully tested against a wide variety of threats including rocket-propelled grenades, anti-tank guided missiles and tank-fired high-explosive anti-tank (HEAT) ammunition and kinetic energy penetrators.^{[citation needed]}
• Light Blade is a laser-based air defense system intended to intercept airborne devices such as incendiary balloons, incendiary kites, and miniature UAVs such as quadcopters, and RAM (rocket, artillery, and mortar) threats. When first deployed in 2020, it was the first laser air defense system in the world.
• Rafael Carpet - Rafael Carpet is a mine breaching system developed by Rafael Advanced Defense Systems, an Israeli weapon development company. First introduced in 2006, it has been adopted by the Israel Defense Forces and was scheduled to be fielded with the French Army by 2007. The system employs a unique implementation of fuel-air explosive (FAE) technology, offering an efficient and safe method for clearing minefields and neutralizing IEDs.
• Ephod Combat Vest - also designated variously the A10 Model Infantry Load-bearing Rig, Individual Carrying Equipment, and "New style" Load Bearing Equipment, is a personal equipment system issued to the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) of the State of Israel since the mid-1970s. It replaced the modular-based 1950s "Old style" tan-khaki cotton canvas equipment (similar in design to the British Army's 58 pattern webbing) and a variety of load-carrying waistcoats and assault vests used by Israeli infantry and elite units during the 1967 Six-Day War, the 1967-1970 War of Attrition, and the 1973 Yom Kippur War.
• Doobon coat - The Doobon coat (Hebrew: מעיל דובון | me'eel Doobon), also called the Dubon military cold weather parka, Dubon winter parka, Dubon parka or IDF winter parka, is a windproof military winter coat, made with padded nylon cover with cloth lining waterproof outer layer of filling between them isolated synthetic fibers. This coat has a regular hood. This is a coat designed for people who stay outdoors for a long time on cold days, such as soldiers and laborers. The meaning of the name Doobon in Hebrew is 'Little Bear' because of its puffy figure and synthetic fur.
• AMMAD - AMMAD Anti-Magnetic Mine Actuating Device is an anti-mine system manufactured by Israel Aerospace Industries that safely neutralizes (triggers) magnetically-fused land mines before a vehicle passes over the threat. It works by generating a magnetic field that precedes the vehicle at a safe standoff range (5 ft. to 16 ft. in front of the vehicle).
• SMASH Handheld - a high-tech fire-control system developed by the Israel-based company SMARTSHOOTER. The device is an external add-on solution that can be installed to most existing firearms.
• Uzi - The Uzi prototype was finished in 1950. It was first introduced to Israel Defense Forces (IDF) special forces in 1954, and the weapon was placed into general issue two years later. The IDF supplied Uzis to rear-echelon troops, officers, artillery troops and tank crews, as well as a frontline weapon by elite light infantry assault forces. The Uzi has been exported to over 90 countries. Over its service lifetime, it has been manufactured by Israel Military Industries, FN Herstal, and other manufacturers. From the 1960s through to the 1980s, more Uzi submachine guns were sold to more military, law enforcement and security markets than any other submachine gun ever made.
• CornerShot - CornerShot is a weapon accessory created by Lt. Col. Amos Golan of the Israeli Defense Forces in cooperation with American investors. It was designed in the early 2000s for use by SWAT teams and special forces in hostile situations usually involving terrorists and hostages. Its purpose is similar to that of the periscope rifle; it allows its operator to both see and attack an armed target without exposing the operator to counterattack.
• Barrel bomb - The earliest known use of barrel bombs in their current form was by the Israeli military in 1948. The second known use of barrel bombs was by the US military in Vietnam in the late 1960s. Starting in the 1990s, they were also used in Sri Lanka, Croatia and Sudan.
• IWI Tavor X95 - The IWI X95 (formerly known as the Micro-Tavor, MTAR or MTAR-21) is an Israeli bullpup assault rifle designed and produced by Israel Weapon Industries (IWI) as part of the Tavor rifle family, along with the Tavor TAR and the Tavor 7. IWI US offers the rifle in semi-automatic only configuration as the 'Tavor X95'.
• IWI Negev - The IWI Negev (also known as the Negev NG-5) is a 5.56×45mm NATO light machine gun developed by Israel Weapon Industries (IWI), formerly Israel Military Industries Ltd. (IMI). In 2012, IWI introduced the Negev NG-7, which is chambered in 7.62×51mm NATO. The NG stands for Next Generation. Both variants of the Negev are in service with the Israel Defense Forces.
• BT/AT 52 - The BT/AT 52 is a rifle grenade manufactured by Israeli Military Industries. It is propelled by a bullet trap, and is derived from the earlier MA/AT 52 model.
• Sponge bomb - A sponge bomb is a specialized device designed to seal the end of a tunnel. Small enough that it can be set by a single person, it is a non-explosive, chemical bomb that releases a burst of expanding foam that quickly hardens.

Agriculture and breeding

• The Tomaccio cherry tomato was developed by several Israeli laboratories, the dominant ones being those led by Professor Nahum Kedar and Professor Haim Rabinowitch from the Agriculture Faculty of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot Campus.
• Zero Liquid Discharge (ZLD) is a classification of water treatment processes intended to reduce wastewater efficiently and produce clean water that is suitable for reuse (e.g., irrigation). ZLD systems employ wastewater treatment technologies and desalination to purify and recycle virtually all wastewater received.
• Drip Irrigation plastic emitter -- Usage of a plastic emitter in drip irrigation was developed in Israel by Simcha Blass and his son Yeshayahu. Instead of releasing water through tiny holes easily blocked by tiny particles, water was released through larger and longer passageways by using friction to slow water inside a plastic emitter. The first experimental system of this type was established in 1959 by Blass, who partnered later (1964) with Kibbutz Hatzerim to create an irrigation company called Netafim. Together they developed and patented the first practical surface drip irrigation emitter.
• The Judean date palm is a date palm (Phoenix dactylifera) grown in ancient Judea. It is not clear whether there was ever a single distinct Judean cultivar, but dates grown in the region have had distinctive reputations for thousands of years, and the date palm was anciently regarded as a symbol of the region and its fertility. Cultivation of dates in the region almost disappeared after the 14th century AD from a combination of climate change and infrastructure decay but has been revived in modern times. In 2005, a team of scientists sprouted a preserved 2,000-year-old seed, the oldest seed germinated with human-assistance (with the claim in 2012 of a 32,000-year-old arctic flower involving fruit tissue rather than a seed). The palm, a male, was named Methuselah (not to be confused with a bristlecone pine tree of the same name). Following this success, six further preserved seeds were sprouted.
• Argaman (grape) - The intention was to produce a variety of wine grape with good rich color, which had been a problem in Israeli wine. Roi Spiegel of the Volcani Institute of Agricultural Research and Shlomo Cohen of the Israeli Wine Institute created the Argaman (lit. "crimson") with this purpose in mind. After hundreds of attempts and micro-vinifications, successful wines were produced from it. Barkan Wine Cellars is one of the wineries that uses the variety.
• Watergen - Watergen Inc. (formerly Water-Gen) is an Israel-based global company that develops atmospheric water generator (AWG) systems. Its systems generate water from air at 250 Wh per liter.
• Moshava - A moshava was a form of agricultural Jewish settlement established by the members of the Old Yishuv beginning in the late 1870s and during the first two waves of Jewish Zionist immigration – the First and Second Aliyah.
• Kibbutz - an intentional community in Israel that was traditionally based on agriculture. Currently the kibbutzim are organised in the secular Kibbutz Movement with some 230 kibbutzim, the Religious Kibbutz Movement with 16 kibbutzim and the much smaller religious Poalei Agudat Yisrael with two kibbutzim, all part of the wider communal settlement movement.

Energy

• Super iron battery – A new class of a rechargeable electric battery based on a special kind of iron. More environment friendly because the super-iron eventually rusts, it was developed by Stuart Licht. of the University of Massachusetts.

• Silicon–air battery - battery technology invented by a team led by Prof. Ein-Eli at the Grand Technion Energy Program at the Technion – Israel Institute of Technology. Silicon–air battery technology is based on electrodes of oxygen and silicon. Such batteries can be lightweight, with a high tolerance for both extremely dry conditions and high humidity. Like other anode-air batteries, in particular metal-air batteries, silicon–air batteries rely on atmospheric oxygen for their cathodes; they accordingly do not include any cathode materials in their structures, and this permits economies in cost and weight.

Consumer goods and appliances

Epilator

• Wonder Pot – a pot developed for baking on the stovetop rather than in an oven.
• Mul-T-Lock -- An Israeli company that develops padlocks, combination locks and related security products. it was founded in 1973 by Moshe Dolev and Avraham Bahry it is a subsidiary of Assa Abloy.Mul-T-Lock was established in 1973 and rose to prominence for its invention of the four-way lock. In 1976, Its innovative lock design led to wider recognition when marketing efforts expanded internationally in 1976. As the company experienced subsequent growth, it expanded its manufacturing facilities.  
• Ex.co - EX.CO is a Disney-backed, publisher-first video technology platform. It is used by publishers to monetize video content on websites and to add interactive and media elements intended for a particular user base. EX.CO was originally founded as Playbuzz in 2012 by Shaul Olmert and Tom Pachys. Pachys is a graduate of IDC and also the co-founder of Whimado.
• Outbrain - Outbrain is a native advertising company. It uses targeted advertising to recommend articles, slideshows, blog posts, photos or videos to a reader. Some of the content recommended by Outbrain link to publisher's own content, while others link to other sites.
• Solid ground curing - Solid ground curing (SGC) is a photo-polymer-based additive manufacturing (or 3D printing) technology used for producing models, prototypes, patterns, and production parts, in which the production of the layer geometry is carried out by means of a high-powered UV lamp through a mask. As the basis of solid ground curing is the exposure of each layer of the model by means of a lamp through a mask, the processing time for the generation of a layer is independent of the complexity of the layer. SGC was developed and commercialized by Cubital Ltd. of Israel in 1986 in the alternative name of Solider System.

Games

Rummikub

• Rummikub – a tile-based game for two to four players invented by Ephraim Hertzano.
• Hidato – a logic puzzle game invented by mathematician Gyora Benedek.
• Taki – an Israeli card game invented by Haim Shafir.
• Mastermind – an Israeli board game invented by Mordecai Meirowitz.
• Guess Who? – a two-player guessing game invented by Theo & Ora Coster (a.k.a. Theora Design).
• Matkot -- (Hebrew: מטקות lit. "racquets") is a popular Padel ball game in Israel similar to beach tennis, often referred to by Israelis as their national beach sport.

Food and drink

Shkedei marak (croutons)

• Ptitim, also called Israeli couscous worldwide, is a wheat-based baked pasta. It was initially invented during the austerity period in Israel when rice and semolina were scarce.
• Safed cheese or Tzfat cheese is a semi-hard, salty cheese produced in Israel from sheep's milk. It was first produced by the Hameiri dairy in Safed in 1840 and is still produced there by descendants of the original cheese makers.
• Gvina levana - Gvina levana which means "white cheese" in Hebrew, also known as Israeli white cheese, is a soft, creamy, and tangy cheese that is popular in Israel. The cheese is made from cow's milk and has a crumbly texture and a slightly sour taste. It is used in a variety of dishes in Israeli cuisine and is an important part of Israeli culture.
• Shifra cheese - Shifra cheese is an artisanal cheese made in Israel. It is soft and creamy and similar in taste and texture to Camembert cheese.
• Jerusalem mixed grill is a grilled meat dish considered a specialty of Jerusalem. It consists of chicken hearts, spleens and livers mixed with bits of lamb cooked on a flat grill, seasoned with onion, garlic, juniper berries, black pepper, cumin, turmeric and coriander
• Sabich is a sandwich, consisting of a pita stuffed with fried eggplant and hard-boiled eggs. Local consumption is said to have stemmed from a tradition among Iraqi Jews, who ate it on Shabbat morning.
• Shkedei marak is an Israeli food product consisting of crisp mini croutons used as a soup accompaniment.
• Karat Caviar is a Russian Osetra caviar brand farmed in the Golan and has won several international awards. The Russian Osetra fingerlings were imported from the Caspian Sea.
• Bamba is a peanut butter-flavored snack food manufactured by the Osem corporation in Holon, Israel. In a clinical trial published in the New England Journal of Medicine, infants exposed to Bamba had an overall 86% reduction in the development of a peanut allergy, measured at age 5.
• Bissli is an Israeli wheat snack produced by Nestle-owned Osem. Bissli is Osem's leading snack brand after Bamba.
• Salat avocado is an Israeli-style avocado salad, with lemon juice and chopped scallions (spring onions), was introduced by farmers who planted avocado trees on the coastal plain in the 1920s. Avocados have since become a winter delicacy and are cut into salads as well as being spread on bread.
• Israeli breakfast - An Israeli breakfast is a style of breakfast that originated on Israeli collective farms called kibbutzim, and is now served at most hotels in Israel and many restaurants. It is usually served buffet style, and consists of fruits, vegetables, salads, breads, pastries, dairy foods, eggs and fish. Meat is never included.
• Tahini cookie - a cookie made of tahini, flour, sugar and butter and usually topped with almonds or pine nuts.
• Marunchinos - also known as Sephardi macaroons, is a popular Israeli cookie of Sephardi Jewish origin made with ground blanched almonds or almond flour, egg whites, sugar or more traditionally honey, spices, and oftentimes dried fruit and orange blossom or rose water, that is traditionally made during Passover (Pesach), as it is one of the few desserts which is unleavened and does not contain chametz (wheat and similar grains).
• Kubaneh - a traditional Yemenite Jewish bread that is popular in Israel. Kubaneh is traditionally baked overnight to be served for Shabbat morning accompanied by haminados (eggs that are baked in their shells along with the bread), and resek agvaniyot (grated tomato).
• Orez Shu'it - an Israeli dish consisting of white beans cooked in a tomato paste, served on white rice. The dish was developed by Sephardic Jews in the old city of Jerusalem and was later adopted by other Jewish groups. It is today served in homes and restaurants as a side dish and is considered part of the regional cuisine of Jerusalem. Modern variations include adding meat (beef, lamb, chicken) and fried onions.

Physical exercise

• Aviva method
• Feldenkrais
• Krav Maga

Other

• Paranormal Activity - A famous horror film series. Produced by Israeli video game programmer and film producer, Oren Peli, shortly after moving to the US.
• Mighty Morphin Power Rangers - Brought to the US by Israeli Haim Saban.
• Homeland (TV Series) - Based on the Israeli hit TV series Hatufim.
• Rising Star (American TV series) - an American reality television singing competition which began airing on ABC on June 22, 2014. It was based on the international franchise series Rising Star itself based on the Israeli singing competition HaKokhav HaBa (meaning "The Next Star") made by Keshet Broadcasting Ltd.
• In Treatment - American drama television series for HBO, produced and developed by Rodrigo Garcia, based on the Israeli series BeTipul (Hebrew: בטיפול), created by Hagai Levi, Ori Sivan and Nir Bergman.
• DogTV - The first dedicated television network designed for dogs. Created by Israeli Ron Lev and originally launched in Israel.[1]
• Gaga (dance vocabulary) - Gaga is a movement language and pedagogy developed by Batsheva Dance Company director and teacher Ohad Naharin. Used in some Israeli contemporary dance, it has two educational tracks which are taught in Israel as well as several other countries
• PrimeSense - PrimeSense was an Israeli 3D sensing company based in Tel Aviv. PrimeSense had offices in Israel, North America, Japan, Singapore, Korea, China and Taiwan. PrimeSense was bought by Apple Inc. for $360 million on November 24, 2013.
• Cisco Videoscape - Cisco Videoscape (formerly NDS Group and currently known as Synamedia) was a majority owned subsidiary of News Corp, which develops software for the pay TV industry (including cable, satellite and others). NDS Group was established in 1988 as an Israeli start up company. It was acquired by Cisco in 2012 before being sold back to the private equity company Permira in 2018 for US$1 billion. The company is currently headquartered in Staines, United Kingdom.

See also

• Science and technology in Israel
• Start-up Nation: The Story of Israel's Economic Miracle
• Venture capital in Israel

References

"Ridiculous Dietary Allowance" S.Hickey PhD H. Roberts PhD. pp. 107–111.

External links

• "Made in Israel – The top 64 innovations developed in Israel" – ISRAEL21c
• "NoCamels - Israeli Innovation News"