Egypt (Arabic : مصر Miṣr [mesˁr] , Egyptian Arabic pronunciation: [mɑsˤr] ), officially the Arab Republic of Egypt , is a transcontinental country spanning the northeast corner of Africa and the Sinai Peninsula in the southwest corner of Asia . It is bordered by the Mediterranean Sea to the north , the Gaza Strip of Palestine and Israel to the northeast , the Red Sea to the east, Sudan to the south , and Libya to the west . The Gulf of Aqaba in the northeast separates Egypt from Jordan and Saudi Arabia . Cairo is the capital and largest city of Egypt , while Alexandria , the second-largest city, is an important industrial and tourist hub at the Mediterranean coast . At approximately 100 million inhabitants, Egypt is the 14th-most populated country in the world , and the third-most populated in Africa.
Egypt has one of the longest histories of any country, tracing its heritage along the Nile Delta back to the 6th–4th millennia BCE. Considered a cradle of civilisation , Ancient Egypt saw some of the earliest developments of writing, agriculture, urbanisation, organised religion and central government. Egypt was an early and important centre of Christianity , later adopting Islam from the seventh century onwards. Cairo became the capital of the Fatimid Caliphate in the tenth century, and of the Mamluk Sultanate in the 13th century. Egypt then became part of the Ottoman Empire in 1517, before its local ruler Muhammad Ali established modern Egypt as an autonomous Khedivate in 1867. The country was then occupied by the British Empire and gained independence in 1922 as a monarchy . Following the 1952 revolution , Egypt declared itself a republic , and in 1958 it merged with Syria to form the United Arab Republic , which was dissolved in 1961. Egypt fought several armed conflicts with Israel in 1948 , 1956 , 1967 and 1973 , and occupied the Gaza Strip intermittently until 1967. In 1978, Egypt signed the Camp David Accords , which recognised Israel in exchange for its withdrawal from the Sinai. After the Arab Spring , which led to the 2011 Egyptian revolution and overthrow of Hosni Mubarak , the country faced a protracted period of political unrest ; this included the election in 2012 of a brief, short-lived Muslim Brotherhood -aligned Islamist government spearheaded by Mohamed Morsi , and its subsequent overthrow after mass protests in 2013 .
Egypt is considered to be a regional power in North Africa , the Middle East and the Muslim world , and a middle power worldwide. It is a developing country having a diversified economy, which is the largest in Africa , the 38th-largest economy by nominal GDP and 127th by nominal GDP per capita. Egypt is a founding member of the United Nations , the Non-Aligned Movement , the Arab League , the African Union , Organisation of Islamic Cooperation , World Youth Forum , and a member of BRICS . (Full article... )
Badge of the Egyptian Air Force
The Egyptian Air Force (EAF) (Egyptian Arabic : القوات الجوية المصرية , romanized: El Qūwāt El Gawīyä El Maṣrīya , Coptic : Ⲛⲉⲛⲡⲉⲧϩⲁⲗⲁⲓⲛⲙⲓϣⲓ ⲛ̀ⲕⲏⲙⲓ ), is the aviation branch of the Egyptian Armed Forces that is responsible for all airborne defence missions and operates all military aircraft, including those used in support of the Egyptian Army , Egyptian Navy and the Egyptian Air Defense Forces . The latter was created as a separate command in the 1970s and it coordinates with the Air Force to integrate air and ground-based air defense operations. The EAF is headed by an air marshal (lieutenant general equivalent). Currently, the commander of the Egyptian Air Force is Air Marshal Mahmoud Fouad Abdel-Gawad. The force's motto is 'Higher and higher for the sake of glory' (Arabic : إلى العلا في سبيل المجد , I‘la’ al-'olà fī sabīl al-magd ). It was known as the Royal Egyptian Air Force until 18 June 1953 following the declaration of the Republic of Egypt by Muhammad Naguib .
The Egyptian Army Air Service was formed in 1932, and became an independent air force in 1937. It had little involvement in the
Second World War . From 1948 to 1973 it took part in four separate wars with Israel, as well as the quasi-
War of Attrition . It also supported the
Egyptian Army during the
North Yemen Civil War and the
Libyan–Egyptian War of 1977. From 1977 to 2011 it saw virtually no combat, but has participated in numerous exercises, including
Operation Bright Star . Since 1992 the EAF has also provided aviation support for the
police and other national security organizations engaged in the war against terrorism. In recent years the Air Force has acted in the
Sinai insurgency , the
Second Libyan Civil War and the
Intervention in the Yemen . (
Full article... )
List of selected articles
The following are images from various Egypt-related articles on Wikipedia.
Image 1 Protesters from the Third Square movement, which supported neither the former Morsi government nor the Armed Forces, 31 July 2013 (from
Egypt )
Image 2 Pharaohs' tombs were provided with vast quantities of wealth, such as the
golden mask from the mummy of Tutankhamun . (from
Ancient Egypt )
Image 3 Tutankhamun charging enemies on his
chariot , 18th dynasty. (from
Ancient Egypt )
Image 4 Salah Zulfikar , film star (from
Egypt )
Image 5 Al-Azhar Park is listed as one of the world's sixty great public spaces by the
Project for Public Spaces . (from
Egypt )
Image 6 Tourists riding an
Arabian camel in front of
Pyramid of Khafre . The
Giza Necropolis is one of Egypt's main tourist attractions. (from
Egypt )
Image 8 Egypt is the eighth most water stressed country in the world. (from
Egypt )
Image 9 Egyptian President
Gamal Abdel Nasser in Mansoura, 1960 (from
Egypt )
Image 10 The
Egyptian Museum of Cairo (from
Egypt )
Image 11 Four colossal statues of
Ramesses II flank the entrance of his temple
Abu Simbel (from
Ancient Egypt )
Image 12 Lower-class occupations (from
Ancient Egypt )
Image 13 Napoleon defeated the
Mamluk troops in the
Battle of the Pyramids , 21 July 1798, painted by
Lejeune . (from
Egypt )
Image 14 Arabic calligraphy has seen its golden age in
Cairo . This adornment and beads being sold in
Muizz Street (from
Culture of Egypt )
Image 16 Change in per capita GDP of Egypt, 1820–2018. Figures are inflation-adjusted to 2011 International dollars. (from
Egypt )
Image 17 Measuring and recording the harvest, from the tomb of
Menna at
Thebes (Eighteenth Dynasty). (from
Ancient Egypt )
Image 19 Rectangular fishpond with ducks and
lotus planted round with date palms and fruit trees,
Tomb of Nebamun , Thebes, 18th Dynasty (from
Ancient Egypt )
Image 20 The
Giza Necropolis is the oldest of the
ancient Wonders and the only one still in existence. (from
Egypt )
Image 21 Glassmaking was a highly developed art. (from
Ancient Egypt )
Image 22 The Cairo Metro (line 2) (from
Egypt )
Image 23 Egypt's topography (from
Egypt )
Image 24 The well preserved Temple of Isis from
Philae is an example of
Egyptian architecture and
architectural sculpture (from
Ancient Egypt )
Image 25 Tutankhamun's burial mask is one of the major attractions of the
Egyptian Museum of Cairo. (from
Egypt )
Image 26 An offshore platform in the Darfeel Gas Field (from
Egypt )
Image 27 Tanoura dancers performing in Wekalet El Ghoury, Cairo (from
Egypt )
Image 28 Menna and Family Hunting in the Marshes, Tomb of Menna,
c. 1400 BC (from
Ancient Egypt )
Image 29 The
Book of the Dead was a guide to the deceased's journey in the afterlife. (from
Ancient Egypt )
Image 30 Anubis , the god associated with mummification and burial rituals, attending to a mummy. (from
Ancient Egypt )
Image 31 Smart Village , a business district established in 2001 to facilitate the growth of high-tech businesses (from
Egypt )
Image 32 Hatshepsut's trading expedition to the
Land of Punt (from
Ancient Egypt )
Image 33 The gods
Osiris ,
Anubis , and
Horus in the tomb of Horemheb (
KV57 ) in the Valley of the Kings. (from
Ancient Egypt )
Image 35 Statues of two pharaohs of Egypt's
Twenty-Fifth Dynasty and several other
Kushite kings,
Kerma Museum . (from
Ancient Egypt )
Image 36 Egypt under Muhammad Ali dynasty (from
Egypt )
Image 37 Khafre enthroned (from
Ancient Egypt )
Image 38 British infantry near
El Alamein , 17 July 1942 (from
Egypt )
Image 39 The
Suez Canal (from
Egypt )
Image 41 Egyptian tanks advancing in the Sinai desert during the
Yom Kippur War , 1973 (from
Egypt )
Image 42 Hieroglyphs on stela in
Louvre , c. 1321 BC (from
Ancient Egypt )
Image 43 The
Temple of Dendur , completed by 10 BC,
Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York City) (from
Ancient Egypt )
Image 44 Frontispiece of
Description de l'Égypte , published in 38 volumes between 1809 and 1829. (from
Ancient Egypt )
Image 45 Prominent Egyptian dissident
Alaa Abd El-Fattah was sentenced to five years of imprisonment in December 2021. (from
Egypt )
Image 47 Cairo grew into a
metropolitan area with a population of over 20 million. (from
Egypt )
Image 48 Egyptians celebrated feasts and festivals, accompanied by music and dance. (from
Ancient Egypt )
Image 49 Naguib Mahfouz , the first Arabic-language writer to win the
Nobel Prize in Literature (from
Egypt )
Image 50 The
Amr ibn al-As mosque in Cairo, recognised as the oldest in Africa (from
Egypt )
Image 51 Coffin of Khnumnakht in 12th dynasty style, with palace facade, columns of inscriptions, and two Wedjat eyes (from
Ancient Egypt )
Image 52 Sennedjem plows his fields in
Aaru with a pair of oxen,
Deir el-Medina (from
Ancient Egypt )
Image 55 Hosni Mubarak was the president of Egypt from 1981 until his overthrew in 2011 (from
Egypt )
Image 56 Wooden figures of soldiers, from the tomb of nomarch
Mesehti (
11th dynasty ) (from
Ancient Egypt )
Image 57 Painted limestone relief of a noble member of Ancient Egyptian society during the New Kingdom (from
Ancient Egypt )
Image 58 The halls of Karnak Temple are built with rows of large columns. (from
Ancient Egypt )
Image 59 The Ptolemaic Queen
Cleopatra VII and her son by Julius Caesar,
Caesarion , at the
Temple of Dendera (from
Egypt )
Image 60 Hunting game birds and plowing a field, tomb of
Nefermaat and his wife
Itet (
c. 2700 BC ) (from
Ancient Egypt )
Image 61 Ruins of Deir el-Medina (from
Ancient Egypt )
Image 63 The
Al-Hakim Mosque in Cairo, of
Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah , the sixth caliph, as renovated by
Dawoodi Bohra (from
Egypt )
Image 64 Early tomb painting from
Nekhen ,
c. 3500 BC , Naqada, possibly Gerzeh, culture (from
Ancient Egypt )
Image 65 The
Qattara Depression in Egypt's north west (from
Egypt )
Image 66 Temple of Derr ruins in 1960 (from
Egypt )
Image 67 The
Fayum mummy portraits epitomize the meeting of Egyptian and Roman cultures. (from
Ancient Egypt )
Image 68 The pharaoh was usually depicted wearing symbols of royalty and power. (from
Ancient Egypt )
Image 69 Women in Cairo wear face masks during the
COVID-19 pandemic in Egypt in March 2020. (from
Egypt )
Image 70 Smoke rises from oil tanks beside the
Suez Canal hit during the initial
Anglo-French assault on Egypt, 5 November 1956. (from
Egypt )
Image 71 Muhammad Ali was the founder of the
Muhammad Ali dynasty and the first
Khedive of Egypt and
Sudan . (from
Egypt )
Image 72 Female nationalists demonstrating in
Cairo , 1919 (from
Egypt )
Image 73 The
Edwin Smith surgical papyrus describes anatomy and medical treatments, written in
hieratic ,
c. 1550 BC (from
Ancient Egypt )
Image 75 Illustration of various types of capitals, by
Karl Richard Lepsius (from
Ancient Egypt )
Image 76 Egyptian honour guard soldiers during a visit of U.S. Navy Adm. Mike Mullen (from
Egypt )
Image 77 Soad Hosny , film star (from
Egypt )
Image 78 A tomb relief depicts workers plowing the fields, harvesting the crops, and threshing the grain under the direction of an overseer, painting in the tomb of
Nakht (from
Ancient Egypt )
Image 79 A figure wearing the red crown of Lower Egypt, most probably
Amenemhat II or
Senwosret II . It functioned as a divine guardian for the
imiut ; the divine kilt, suggests that the statuette was not merely a representation of the living ruler. (from
Ancient Egypt )
Image 80 The
Narmer Palette depicts the unification of the Two Lands. (from
Ancient Egypt )
Image 82 The Weighing of the Heart from the
Book of the Dead of Ani (from
Egypt )
Image 83 Seagoing ship of an expedition to Punt, from a relief of
Hatshepsut's Mortuary temple , Deir el-Bahari (from
Ancient Egypt )
Image 85 Green irrigated land along the Nile amidst the desert and in the delta (from
Egypt )
Image 86 Egypt's population density (people per km
2 ) (from
Egypt )
Image 88 The "weighing of the heart" scene from the
Book of the Dead (from
Egypt )
Image 89 The
pyramids of Giza are among the most recognizable symbols of ancient Egyptian civilization. (from
Ancient Egypt )
Image 90 The preserved Temple of Horus at Edfu is a model of Egyptian architecture. (from
Ancient Egypt )
Image 91 The High Court of Justice in
Downtown Cairo (from
Egypt )
Image 92 A typical
Naqada II jar decorated with gazelles (Predynastic Period) (from
Ancient Egypt )
Image 93 President el-Sisi with US President
Joe Biden , 11 November 2022 (from
Egypt )
Image 94 The
Eastern Imperial Eagle is the national animal of Egypt. (from
Egypt )
Image 96 Egyptian literacy rate among the population aged 15 years and older by UNESCO Institute of Statistics (from
Egypt )
Image 97 Model of a household porch and garden,
c. 1981–1975 BC (from
Ancient Egypt )
Image 99 Kushari , one of Egypt's national dishes (from
Egypt )
Image 100 A crowd at Cairo Stadium watching the
Egypt national football team (from
Egypt )
Image 101 Ancient Egyptians playing music (from
Egypt )
Image 103 Egyptian
tomb models as funerary goods. (from
Ancient Egypt )
Feteer meshaltet in Egypt
Feteer meshaltet (
Egyptian Arabic :
فطير مشلتت [fɪˈtˤiːr meˈʃæltet] , literally "cushioned pies" or "cushion-like pies"), often simply referred to as
meshaltet (
مشلتت ), is a flaky
Egyptian layered pastry. It consists of many thin layers of dough and ghee and an optional filling. The fillings can be both sweet or savory. Sweet fillings may include cheese, coconut,
mehalabiya ,
malban , Nutella or chocolate, while savory fillings can be anything from ground beef to sausage or cheese. Plain
meshaltet is usually soaked in
honey and spread with
jam or cheese or served with
olives . Because of its versatility,
meshaltet is often referred to as an Egyptian
pizza . (
Full article... )
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