Portal:Law

The Law Portal Lady Justice, often used as a personification of the law, holding a sword in one hand and scales in the other. Law is a set of rules that are created and are enforceable by social or governmental institutions to regulate behavior, with its precise definition a matter of longstanding debate. It has been variously described as a science and as the art of justice. State-enforced laws can be made by a group legislature or by a single legislator, resulting in statutes; by the executive through decrees and regulations; or established by judges through precedent, usually in common law jurisdictions. Private individuals may create legally binding contracts, including arbitration agreements that adopt alternative ways of resolving disputes to standard court litigation. The creation of laws themselves may be influenced by a constitution, written or tacit, and the rights encoded therein. The law shapes politics, economics, history and society in various ways and also serves as a mediator of relations between people. Legal systems vary between jurisdictions, with their differences analysed in comparative law. In civil law jurisdictions, a legislature or other central body codifies and consolidates the law. In common law systems, judges may make binding case law through precedent, although on occasion this may be overturned by a higher court or the legislature. Historically, religious law has influenced secular matters and is, as of the 21st century, still in use in some religious communities. Sharia law based on Islamic principles is used as the primary legal system in several countries, including Iran and Saudi Arabia. The scope of law can be divided into two domains: public law concerns government and society, including constitutional law, administrative law, and criminal law; while private law deals with legal disputes between parties in areas such as contracts, property, torts, delicts and commercial law. This distinction is stronger in civil law countries, particularly those with a separate system of administrative courts; by contrast, the public-private law divide is less pronounced in common law jurisdictions. (Full article...) Selected article The three certainties compose a rule within English trusts law on the creation of express trusts that, to be valid, the trust instrument must show certainty of intention, subject matter and object. "Certainty of intention" means that it must be clear that the donor or testator wishes to create a trust; this is not dependent on any particular language used, and a trust can be created without the word "trust" being used, or even the donor knowing he is creating a trust. Since the 1950s, the courts have been more willing to conclude that there was intention to create a trust, rather than hold that the trust is void. "Certainty of subject matter" means that it must be clear what property is part of the trust. Historically the property must have been segregated from non-trust property; more recently, the courts have drawn a line between tangible and intangible assets, holding that with intangible assets there is not always a need for segregation. "Certainty of objects" means that it must be clear who the beneficiaries, or objects, are. The test for determining this differs depending on the type of trust; it can be that all beneficiaries must be individually identified, or that the trustees must be able to say with certainty, if a claimant comes before them, whether he is or is not a beneficiary. There are four categories of uncertainty that can affect the validity of a trust: conceptual uncertainty, evidential uncertainty, ascertainability and administrative unworkability. "Conceptual uncertainty" is where the language is unclear, something which leads to the trust being declared invalid. "Evidential uncertainty" is where a question of fact, such as whether a claimant is a beneficiary, cannot be answered; this does not always lead to invalidity. "Ascertainability" is where a beneficiary cannot be found, while "administrative unworkability" is where the nature of the trust is such that it cannot realistically be carried out. Trustees and the courts have developed various ways of getting around uncertainties, including the appointment of experts to work out evidential uncertainty, and giving trustees the power to decide who is or is not a beneficiary. (Full article...) Selected biography Lloyd Kenyon, 1st Baron Kenyon, PC (5 October 1732 – 4 April 1802), was a British politician and barrister, who served as Attorney General, Master of the Rolls and Lord Chief Justice. Born to a country gentleman, he was initially educated in Hanmer before moving to Ruthin School aged 12. Rather than going to university he instead worked as a clerk to an attorney, joining the Middle Temple in 1750 and being called to the Bar in 1756. Initially almost unemployed due to the lack of education and contacts which a university education would have provided, his business increased thanks to his friendships with John Dunning, who, overwhelmed with cases, allowed Kenyon to work many, and Lord Thurlow who secured for him the Chief Justiceship of Chester in 1780. He was returned as the Member of Parliament (MP) for Hindon the same year, serving repeatedly as Attorney General under William Pitt the Younger. He effectively sacrificed his political career in 1784 to challenge the ballot of Charles James Fox, and was rewarded with a baronetcy; from then on he did not speak in the House of Commons, despite remaining an MP. On 27 March 1784, he was appointed Master of the Rolls, a job to which he dedicated himself once he ceased to act as an MP. He had previously practised in the Court of Chancery, and although unfamiliar with Roman law was highly efficient; Lord Eldon said "I am mistaken if, after I am gone, the Chancery Records do not prove that if I have decided more than any of my predecessors in the same period of time, Sir Lloyd Kenyon beat us all". On 9 June 1788, Kenyon succeeded Lord Mansfield as Lord Chief Justice, and was granted a barony. Although not rated as highly as his predecessor, his work "restored the simplicity and rigor of the common law". He remained Lord Chief Justice until his death in 1802. (Full article...) Selected statute A statute is a formal written enactment of a legislative body, a stage in the process of legislation. Typically, statutes command or prohibit something, or declare policy. Statutes are laws made by legislative bodies; they are distinguished from case law or precedent, which is decided by courts, regulations issued by government agencies, and oral or customary law. Statutes may originate with the legislative body of a country, state or province, county, or municipality. (Full article...) Hours of service (HOS) regulations are issued by the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (FMCSA) and govern the working hours of anyone operating a commercial motor vehicle (CMV) in the United States. These regulations apply to truck drivers, commercial and intercity bus drivers, and school bus drivers who operate CMVs. These rules limit the number of daily and weekly hours spent driving and working, and regulate the minimum amount of time drivers must spend resting between driving shifts. For intrastate commerce, the respective state's regulations apply. The HOS's main purpose is to prevent accidents caused by driver fatigue. This is accomplished by limiting the number of driving hours per day, and the number of driving and working hours per week. Fatigue is also prevented by keeping drivers on a 21- to 24-hour schedule, maintaining a natural sleep/wake cycle (or circadian rhythm). Drivers are required to take a daily minimum period of rest, and are allowed longer "weekend" rest periods to combat cumulative fatigue effects that accrue on a weekly basis. (Full article...) Did you know... ... that other than the Second World War, there has never been a declaration of war by Canada? ... that, in the cases of Klayman v. Obama and ACLU v. Clapper, US district courts issued conflicting rulings on the constitutionality of bulk data collection by the US government? ... that part of the Occupiers' Liability Act 1984, a piece of United Kingdom legislation on tort law, is intended to permit educational and recreational use of land? ... that banking regulations in Russia include significant specifics, such as mandatory deposits placed in special reserve accounts at the Russian Central Bank? ... that the 501(h) election allows many U.S. non-profit organizations to engage in unlimited lobbying as long as they do it cheaply? ... that the Autism Act 2009 is the first ever disability-specific legislation to be passed in the United Kingdom? ... that in 2011, Nitehawk Cinema successfully lobbied to overturn a Prohibition-era liquor law that prevented movie theaters in New York from serving alcohol? Selected images The Constitution of India A courtroom in Tokyo, Japan King Hammurabi receiving the code of laws from the Mesopotamian sun god Shamash Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States as of October 2020 Chief Justice John Marshall (1755 – 1835), an American statesman and jurist who greatly influenced constitutional law' The defendants sitting in the dock during the Nuremberg Trials The Langdell Library of Harvard Law School Painting of a jury deliberating Statue of Lady Justice holding scales Emperor Justinian I (527–565) of the Byzantine Empire who ordered the codification of Corpus Juris Civilis. Jeremy Bentham's writings influenced law for generations. Jawaharlal Nehru at the Allahabad High Court Signing of the Magna Carta The first Supreme Court of Puerto Rico Legal systems of the world Selected case Case law, also used interchangeably with common law, is a law that is based on precedents, that is the judicial decisions from previous cases, rather than law based on constitutions, statutes, or regulations. Case law uses the detailed facts of a legal case that have been resolved by courts or similar tribunals. These past decisions are called "case law", or precedent. Stare decisis—a Latin phrase meaning "let the decision stand"—is the principle by which judges are bound to such past decisions, drawing on established judicial authority to formulate their positions. (Full article...) United States v. Wong Kim Ark, 169 U.S. 649 (1898), was a landmark decision of the U.S. Supreme Court which held that "a child born in the United States, of parents of Chinese descent, who, at the time of his birth, are subjects of the Emperor of China, but have a permanent domicile and residence in the United States, and are there carrying on business, and are not employed in any diplomatic or official capacity under the Emperor of China", automatically became a U.S. citizen at birth. This decision established an important precedent in its interpretation of the Citizenship Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution. Wong Kim Ark, who was born in San Francisco in 1873, had been denied re-entry to the United States after a trip abroad, under the Chinese Exclusion Act, a law banning virtually all Chinese immigration and prohibiting Chinese immigrants from becoming naturalized U.S. citizens. He challenged the government's refusal to recognize his citizenship, and the Supreme Court ruled in his favor, holding that the citizenship language in the Fourteenth Amendment encompassed the circumstances of his birth and could not be limited in its effect by an act of Congress. The case highlighted disagreements over the precise meaning of one phrase in the Citizenship Clause—namely, the provision that a person born in the United States who is "subject to the jurisdiction thereof" acquires automatic citizenship. The Supreme Court's majority concluded that this phrase referred to being required to obey U.S. law; on this basis, they interpreted the language of the Fourteenth Amendment in a way that granted U.S. citizenship to children born of foreigners (a concept known as jus soli), with only a limited set of exceptions mostly based in English common law. The court's dissenters argued that being subject to the jurisdiction of the United States meant not being subject to any foreign power—that is, not being claimed as a citizen by another country via jus sanguinis (inheriting citizenship from a parent)—an interpretation which, in the minority's view, would have excluded "the children of foreigners, happening to be born to them while passing through the country". (Full article...) More Did you know (auto-generated) ... that in mediaeval England an area of special legal jurisdiction extended around the royal court and moved with it? ... that until a 1982 legal decision, women were not permitted to stand at the bar at El Vino in London? ... that the Colonial Office refused to appoint Cyrus Prudhomme David to the magistracy, considering it wrong "as a matter of policy" to appoint a second Black man to a legal post in Trinidad and Tobago? ... that the court case Nintendo of America, Inc. v. Blockbuster Entertainment Corp. helped allow the game rental market to thrive for the years that followed the case? ... that, before same-sex unions were legally recognised in the UK, the London Partnership Register allowed nearly 1,000 couples to celebrate their relationships? ... that the Israeli song "HaSela haAdom", about illegal trips to Petra, was banned in Israel? Legal news Wikinews Crime and law portal April 28: Reports: US judge Matthew Kacsmaryk redacted name of corporation he owned stock in on disclosure forms April 22: Russia sentences opposition activist Vladimir Kara-Murza to 25 years in penal colony April 21: Paris judge acquits Airbus, Air France of involuntary manslaughter in 2009 crash that killed 228 April 12: Russian authorities charge US reporter Evan Gershkovich with espionage April 11: Maryland, US attorney general's office alleges historic child sexual abuse by Catholic Church officials April 10: Former US President Donald Trump pleads not guilty to 34 felony charges in Manhattan April 5: Russia charges peace activist in assassination of pro-war blogger in Saint Petersburg April 2: 'Unfounded and unsubstantiated': London policemen cleared of beating Muslim March 29: 'Carlos the Jackal' on trial in France for third life sentence March 13: Sydney, Australia woman who "spontaneously" murdered boyfriend in "fatal explosion of emotion" sentenced March 9: Islamabad High Court temporarily suspends arrest warrant against former Pakistani PM Imran Khan February 26: Canadian soldier who filmed himself sexually abusing colleague has appeal dismissed Related portals General images The following are images from various law-related articles on Wikipedia. Oliver Wendell Holmes was a self-styled legal realist. (from Jurisprudence) Bentham's utilitarian theories remained dominant in law until the twentieth century. (from Jurisprudence) Aristotle, by Francesco Hayez (from Jurisprudence) Lady Justice (Latin: Justicia), symbol of the judiciary. Statue at Shelby County Courthouse, Memphis, Tennessee (from Judiciary) Plato (left) and Aristotle (right), a detail of The School of Athens (from Jurisprudence) Mill believed law should create happiness. (from Jurisprudence) Gratian (from Judiciary) Image of pages from the Decretum of Burchard of Worms, an 11th-century book of canon law (from Canon law) The Supreme Court Building houses the Supreme Court of the United States, the highest court in the federal judiciary of the United States. (from Judiciary) Philosophers of law ask "what is law, and what should it be?" (from Jurisprudence) Thomas Aquinas was the most influential Western medieval legal scholar. (from Jurisprudence) Corpus Iuris Civilis, 1607 (from Judiciary) The Constitution of India is the longest written constitution for a country, containing 444 articles, 12 schedules, numerous amendments and 117,369 words (from Legal history) King John of England signs the Magna Carta (from Legal history) Topics Quality content Extended content Featured articles New Jersey's 1927 biannual elections proposal US–UK Mutual Defence Agreement Act of Independence of Lithuania Afroyim v. Rusk Raymond Pace Alexander Herman Vandenburg Ames Ashford v Thornton Shooting of James Ashley Australian Competition and Consumer Commission v Baxter Healthcare Pty Ltd Hugh Beadle Cora Agnes Benneson Will P. Brady Brown Dog affair John Edward Brownlee sex scandal William Calcraft Carucage City of Champaign v. Madigan Coinage Act of 1873 Coinage Act of 1965 Court of Chancery Harold Davidson Treaty of Devol Eastbourne manslaughter Epsom riot Ex parte Crow Dog Freedom for the Thought That We Hate Fuck (2005 film) Fuck: Word Taboo and Protecting Our First Amendment Liberties Melville Fuller Robert Garran William Garrow Robert Goff, Baron Goff of Chieveley Gray's Inn Greek case Debora Green Learned Hand Hanged, drawn and quartered Heffernan v. City of Paterson Horse Protection Act of 1970 Illinois Public Access Opinion 16-006 1981 Irish hunger strike Irish nationality law Israeli citizenship law Jena Six Murder of Dwayne Jones Jamie Kalven Mathew Charles Lamb LaRouche criminal trials Law school of Berytus Albert Levitt Marcel Lihau Malkin Tower Marshalsea Menominee Tribe v. United States New Zealand nationality law Nuremberg trials Ordinances of 1311 Palsgraf v. Long Island Railroad Co. Pendle witches Pepper (Inspector of Taxes) v Hart Regents of the University of California v. Bakke Rosewood massacre Royal baccarat scandal Wiley Rutledge Samlesbury witches Death of Mark Saunders Henry W. Sawyer Saxbe fix Antonin Scalia Schmerber v. California Sega v. Accolade Elliott Fitch Shepard Shostakovich v. Twentieth Century-Fox Film Corp. Smith Act trials of Communist Party leaders Melford Stevenson Stonewall riots William Howard Taft Throffer Tichborne case To Kill a Mockingbird Treaty of Lutatius Treaty of Guînes United States v. Kagama United States v. Lara United States v. Progressive, Inc. United States v. Washington United States v. Wong Kim Ark A Vindication of the Rights of Men Voting Rights Act of 1965 Washington v. Texas Featured lists Chief Justice of the Common Pleas List of County Court venues in England and Wales High courts of India List of politicians, lawyers, and civil servants educated at Jesus College, Oxford List of United States Supreme Court justices by time in office List of Washington (state) ballot measures List of attorneys general of West Virginia List of chief justices of India List of former county courts in Wales List of justices of the Supreme Court of Canada Master of the Rolls National Trails System Sakharov Prize Timeline of Brexit Did you know? articles 501(h) election 1794 Treason Trials New Jersey's 1927 biannual elections proposal 1953 Show trial of the Kraków Curia US–UK Mutual Defence Agreement 1963 Danish land laws referendum 1991 Sino-Soviet Border Agreement 1993 amendments to the Constitution of Malaysia 2001 Botswana judicial reform referendum 2005 Armenian constitutional referendum 2011 Malawian Air Fouling Legislation 2012 Oregon Ballot Measure 80 2013 Canadian federal budget 2014 California Proposition 47 2014 Canadian federal budget 2014 District of Columbia Attorney General election 2020 Hong Kong national security law 2022 British barristers' industrial action 2022 Ohio Issue 1 AGRIF Aboriginal Legal Service of Western Australia Aboriginal title statutes in the Thirteen Colonies Aboriginal title in the United States Aboriginal title Aboriginal title in California Aboriginal title in New Mexico Aboriginal title in New York Aboriginal title in the Marshall Court Aboriginal title in the Taney Court Abortion in Northern Cyprus Abraham Lincoln's patent Abuse defense Accessibility for Ontarians with Disabilities Act, 2005 Accessibility of the Metropolitan Transportation Authority Accurate News and Information Act Act of Independence of Central America Act of Independence of Lithuania Ángela Acuña Braun Administrative detention Administrative law in China Administrative law in Singapore Adobe Systems, Inc. v. Southern Software, Inc. Adoptive Couple v. Baby Girl Advertisements (Hire-Purchase) Act 1957 Advocate general (European Union) Aerotel Ltd v Telco Holdings Ltd Age of Consent Act, 1891 Agreement Concerning the Shipwrecked Vessel RMS Titanic Agricultural Tenancies Act 1995 Gary J. Aguirre Harimia Ahmed Granville Pearl Aikman Airports Act 1986 Alabama Constitution of 1901 Alabama HB 56 Alabama v. Georgia Alaska Mental Health Enabling Act Alcohol-free zone Alcoholic beverages in Oregon List of U.S. states by Alford plea usage List of people who entered an Alford plea Alford plea All persons fictitious disclaimer Alleged Violations of the 1955 Treaty of Amity (Iran v. United States) Alperin v. Vatican Bank Alpha Phi Beta Alternative law in Ireland prior to 1921 Alto Velo Claim Alvensleben Convention Amanda Knox: Murder on Trial in Italy Amendment No. 28 to the Entry Into Israel Law American Bar Association Journal American Civil Liberties Union v. Clapper American Communications Ass'n v. Douds American Geophysical Union v. Texaco, Inc. American Taxpayer Relief Act of 2012 Americold Realty Trust v. ConAgra Foods, Inc. Herman Vandenburg Ames Amethyst Initiative Amsterdam sex crimes case An Analysis of the Laws of England Anarchist Exclusion Act Jeanson James Ancheta Ancillary copyright for press publishers Andean Trade Promotion and Drug Eradication Act Johannes Andenæs Amabel Anderson Arnold David Anderson (judge) Eugene Anderson Joel Anderson Anderson v. Mt. Clemens Pottery Co. Andrew Ang Joseph Kinnicutt Angell Anita Krajnc case Annual Bulletin (Comparative Law Bureau) Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement Anti-homelessness legislation Anti-Superstition and Black Magic Act Anti-defection law (India) Antoine v. Washington Inkeri Anttila Reginald Appleby Appraisal rights Arbitration Act 1979 Mirtha Arce Deborah Archer Archuleta v. Hedrick Argentine quota law Arista Records LLC v. Lime Group LLC Arizona Fourth Amendment Protection Act Arizona SB 1070 Arizona v. New Mexico Arlington County Board v. Richards William Honyman, Lord Armadale James Dillon Armstrong Robert P. Armstrong William Armstrong (Virginia politician) Arnett v. Kennedy Carl Jacob Arnholm Arson in royal dockyards Article 9 of the Constitution of Singapore Article 12 of the Constitution of Singapore Article 14 of the Constitution of Singapore Article 15 of the Constitution of Singapore Ashcroft v. Iqbal Ashford v Thornton Ashokan Edicts in Delhi Asia Bibi blasphemy case Assa Singh v Menteri Besar of Johore Assembly Members (Reduction of Numbers) Act (Northern Ireland) 2016 Assize of Bread and Ale Associated Press v. Meltwater U.S. Holdings, Inc. 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Stephen Barnett Amy Coney Barrett Supreme Court nomination Henry Barron (judge) John Vincent Barry Bartley-Fox Law Baseball Rule Basque witch trials Batman's Treaty Batman v. Commissioner Baxter v. United States Bayev and Others v. Russia Walker Keith Baylor Bayonne Statute Hugh Beadle Beard v. Banks Adolf Beck case Beck v. Eiland-Hall Bedding ceremony Beerhouse Act 1830 Fathima Beevi Befehlsnotstand Begging (Prohibition) Act, 1962 Begum v Home Secretary Beijing Treaty on Audiovisual Performances Beilin–Abu Mazen agreement Bell v. Cone Daniel Bellemare Belzer v. Bollea Benelux Court of Justice Cora Agnes Benneson Benson Commission Bensusan Restaurant Corp. v. King Berghuis v. Thompkins Bergregal Jessica Berman Donald N. Bersoff The Best American Magazine Writing 2007 Best Bakery case William Beverley Beyond the First Amendment Rana Bhagwandas Bierut Decree Big Apple Pothole and Sidewalk Protection Committee Bigby v. Dretke Harry Bigelow Bill Graham Archives v. Dorling Kindersley, Ltd. Bill of Middlesex Thomas Binger Biological Weapons Anti-Terrorism Act of 1989 Bipartisan Budget Act of 2013 Bisho massacre Bitcoin Law Black Act 1723 Black Codes (United States) Black suffrage in the United States Blackstone Legal Fellowship William Blackstone Rod Blagojevich corruption charges Blanch v. Koons Blank pad rule Albert Blaustein Camilla Bloch Paul Bloom (lawyer) Blueford v. Arkansas Richard Blumenthal Operation Board Games Archibald Bodkin Boise homosexuality scandal Ernest Radcliffe Bond Bone Bill Booth v. Churner William L. Borden Border search exception Borgarting Court of Appeal Boutilier v. Immigration and Naturalization Service Bowen v. Georgetown University Hospital Bowers v. Baystate Technologies, Inc. Bowman v. Monsanto Co. Boyle v. United States Bradley v Commonwealth James T. Brady Will P. Brady Alvin Bragg David Brand, Lord Brand Margraviate of Brandenburg Brandenburg–Pomeranian conflict Brentwood Academy v. Tennessee Secondary School Athletic Ass'n C. C. Bridgewater Lorentz Brinch 2011 British privacy injunctions controversy Broccoli mandate Treaty of Bromberg Bronfman kidnapping Bronston v. United States Janine Brookner Bropho v Western Australia Brown Dog affair Raymond A. Brown Brown v. Hotel and Restaurant Employees Brown v. Entertainment Merchants Association Brown v. Maryland John Edward Brownlee sex scandal Buchwald v. Paramount Buckeye Check Cashing, Inc. v. Cardegna Budget Control Act of 2011 Bug River property Dagmar Burešová Jon Burge Burgos trials Burning of women in England Daniel Higford Davall Burr Burton v. United States By-elections in Singapore Byelaws in the United Kingdom Peter Bynoe Byron v. 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Capitulation of Estonia and Livonia Caprivi treason trial Carlill v Carbolic Smoke Ball Co Carlton Tavern Carucage Case 3/2008 in Macau Case of the Hooded Man John Casor Frede Castberg Johan Castberg Sal Castro Casum sentit dominus Judith Catchpole Amos P. Catlin Cayuga Indian Nation of New York v. Pataki Censorship by copyright Censorship of the Bible Central Green Co. v. United States Central Industrial Security Force Act Étienne Cerexhe Certified question Neeru Chadha Chafin v. Chafin Merle Chambers Chan Hiang Leng Colin v Public Prosecutor Chancery Amendment Act 1858 Chancery (medieval office) Emilio Changco Change of venue Sarah Chapone Charitable trusts in English law Charles Dinsmoor Robert Charleton (judge) Claude François Chauveau-Lagarde Chełmno trials Chemical endangerment Cheney v. United States District Court Bin Cheng Gloria Ana Chevesich Chief Justice of Hungary Child prostitution Children's rights Chng Suan Tze v Minister for Home Affairs Choate (law) Choice on Termination of Pregnancy Act, 1996 Chris Murphy gun control filibuster 2008 Christmas massacres Christou v. Beatport, LLC Church of Atheism of Central Canada v Canada (National Revenue) Church of England Marriage Measure 2008 Circuit City Stores, Inc. v. Adams Circuit split Citizenship of the United States City News & Novelty, Inc. v. City of Waukesha City of Champaign v. Madigan City of Erie v. Pap's A. M. Civil Harassment Restraining Order Civil investigative demand Claim club Sir James Clark, 1st Baronet Thomas Clarke (judge) William C. Clayton Clerk of assize Clerk of the Parliaments Cleveland v. United States (2000) Clinton v. Jones Close case Closed city William Coblentz (attorney) Cathy Cochran Code of Ur-Nammu Code of Lipit-Ishtar Coeur Alaska, Inc. v. Southeast Alaska Conservation Council Barry Cohen (attorney) Morris L. Cohen Coleman v. Schwarzenegger Collaborative practice agreement College Network, Inc. v. Moore Educational Publishers, Inc. The Color of Law Coloured vote constitutional crisis Columbia Journal of Environmental Law Columbia Pictures Industries, Inc. v. Fung Dan Jack Combs Sara Walter Combs Commission Directive 91/71/EEC Commissioner of Taxation v La Rosa Common land Commonwealth Edison Co. v. Montana Commonwealth v. Dent Communications Workers of America v. Beck Communist crimes (Polish legal concept) Community court Community design Compagnie Francaise de Navigation a Vapeur v. Louisiana Board of Health Comparative hearing Competency evaluation (law) Comptroller of the Treasury of Maryland v. Wynne CompuServe Inc. v. Cyber Promotions, Inc. 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